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可变参数
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<h1 id="_1">函数和类<a class="headerlink" href="#_1" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h1>
<p>本教程将详细介绍 Oraset 编程语言的函数和类，帮助你掌握模块化编程和面向对象编程的基本概念。</p>
<h2 id="_2">函数<a class="headerlink" href="#_2" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<h3 id="_3">函数定义<a class="headerlink" href="#_3" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>使用 <code>def</code> 关键字定义函数：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1" href="#__codelineno-0-1"></a>!! 函数定义
<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2" href="#__codelineno-0-2"></a>def greet(name) {
<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3" href="#__codelineno-0-3"></a> show(`Hello, `, name, `!`);
<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4" href="#__codelineno-0-4"></a>}
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="_4">函数调用<a class="headerlink" href="#_4" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>通过函数名和参数列表调用函数：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1" href="#__codelineno-1-1"></a>!! 函数调用
<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2" href="#__codelineno-1-2"></a>greet(`Oraset`); !! 输出: Hello, Oraset!
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="_5">参数<a class="headerlink" href="#_5" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>函数可以接受多个参数：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1" href="#__codelineno-2-1"></a>!! 多参数函数
<a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2" href="#__codelineno-2-2"></a>def add(a, b) {
<a id="__codelineno-2-3" name="__codelineno-2-3" href="#__codelineno-2-3"></a> return a + b;
<a id="__codelineno-2-4" name="__codelineno-2-4" href="#__codelineno-2-4"></a>}
<a id="__codelineno-2-5" name="__codelineno-2-5" href="#__codelineno-2-5"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-2-6" name="__codelineno-2-6" href="#__codelineno-2-6"></a>result = add(10, 5);
<a id="__codelineno-2-7" name="__codelineno-2-7" href="#__codelineno-2-7"></a>show(`10 + 5 = `, result); !! 输出: 15
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="_6">返回值<a class="headerlink" href="#_6" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>使用 <code>return</code> 语句返回函数结果：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1" href="#__codelineno-3-1"></a>!! 带返回值的函数
<a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2" href="#__codelineno-3-2"></a>def multiply(a, b) {
<a id="__codelineno-3-3" name="__codelineno-3-3" href="#__codelineno-3-3"></a> return a * b;
<a id="__codelineno-3-4" name="__codelineno-3-4" href="#__codelineno-3-4"></a>}
<a id="__codelineno-3-5" name="__codelineno-3-5" href="#__codelineno-3-5"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-3-6" name="__codelineno-3-6" href="#__codelineno-3-6"></a>result = multiply(10, 5);
<a id="__codelineno-3-7" name="__codelineno-3-7" href="#__codelineno-3-7"></a>show(`10 * 5 = `, result); !! 输出: 50
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="_7">无参数函数<a class="headerlink" href="#_7" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>函数可以不接受任何参数：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1" href="#__codelineno-4-1"></a>!! 无参数函数
<a id="__codelineno-4-2" name="__codelineno-4-2" href="#__codelineno-4-2"></a>def say_hello() {
<a id="__codelineno-4-3" name="__codelineno-4-3" href="#__codelineno-4-3"></a> show(`Hello, World!`);
<a id="__codelineno-4-4" name="__codelineno-4-4" href="#__codelineno-4-4"></a>}
<a id="__codelineno-4-5" name="__codelineno-4-5" href="#__codelineno-4-5"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-4-6" name="__codelineno-4-6" href="#__codelineno-4-6"></a>say_hello(); !! 输出: Hello, World!
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="_8">默认参数<a class="headerlink" href="#_8" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>函数可以有默认参数值：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-5-1" name="__codelineno-5-1" href="#__codelineno-5-1"></a>!! 默认参数
<a id="__codelineno-5-2" name="__codelineno-5-2" href="#__codelineno-5-2"></a>def greet(name = `World`) {
<a id="__codelineno-5-3" name="__codelineno-5-3" href="#__codelineno-5-3"></a> show(`Hello, `, name, `!`);
<a id="__codelineno-5-4" name="__codelineno-5-4" href="#__codelineno-5-4"></a>}
<a id="__codelineno-5-5" name="__codelineno-5-5" href="#__codelineno-5-5"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-5-6" name="__codelineno-5-6" href="#__codelineno-5-6"></a>greet(); !! 输出: Hello, World!
<a id="__codelineno-5-7" name="__codelineno-5-7" href="#__codelineno-5-7"></a>greet(`Oraset`); !! 输出: Hello, Oraset!
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="_9">可变参数<a class="headerlink" href="#_9" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>函数可以接受可变数量的参数：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-6-1" name="__codelineno-6-1" href="#__codelineno-6-1"></a>!! 可变参数
<a id="__codelineno-6-2" name="__codelineno-6-2" href="#__codelineno-6-2"></a>def sum(...args) {
<a id="__codelineno-6-3" name="__codelineno-6-3" href="#__codelineno-6-3"></a> total = 0;
<a id="__codelineno-6-4" name="__codelineno-6-4" href="#__codelineno-6-4"></a> i = 0;
<a id="__codelineno-6-5" name="__codelineno-6-5" href="#__codelineno-6-5"></a> while (i &lt; args.length) {
<a id="__codelineno-6-6" name="__codelineno-6-6" href="#__codelineno-6-6"></a> total = total + args[i];
<a id="__codelineno-6-7" name="__codelineno-6-7" href="#__codelineno-6-7"></a> i = i + 1;
<a id="__codelineno-6-8" name="__codelineno-6-8" href="#__codelineno-6-8"></a> }
<a id="__codelineno-6-9" name="__codelineno-6-9" href="#__codelineno-6-9"></a> return total;
<a id="__codelineno-6-10" name="__codelineno-6-10" href="#__codelineno-6-10"></a>}
<a id="__codelineno-6-11" name="__codelineno-6-11" href="#__codelineno-6-11"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-6-12" name="__codelineno-6-12" href="#__codelineno-6-12"></a>result = sum(1, 2, 3, 4, 5);
<a id="__codelineno-6-13" name="__codelineno-6-13" href="#__codelineno-6-13"></a>show(`Sum: `, result); !! 输出: 15
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="_10">递归函数<a class="headerlink" href="#_10" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>函数可以递归调用自身：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-7-1" name="__codelineno-7-1" href="#__codelineno-7-1"></a>!! 递归函数
<a id="__codelineno-7-2" name="__codelineno-7-2" href="#__codelineno-7-2"></a>def factorial(n) {
<a id="__codelineno-7-3" name="__codelineno-7-3" href="#__codelineno-7-3"></a> if (n &lt;= 1) {
<a id="__codelineno-7-4" name="__codelineno-7-4" href="#__codelineno-7-4"></a> return 1;
<a id="__codelineno-7-5" name="__codelineno-7-5" href="#__codelineno-7-5"></a> }
<a id="__codelineno-7-6" name="__codelineno-7-6" href="#__codelineno-7-6"></a> return n * factorial(n - 1);
<a id="__codelineno-7-7" name="__codelineno-7-7" href="#__codelineno-7-7"></a>}
<a id="__codelineno-7-8" name="__codelineno-7-8" href="#__codelineno-7-8"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-7-9" name="__codelineno-7-9" href="#__codelineno-7-9"></a>result = factorial(5);
<a id="__codelineno-7-10" name="__codelineno-7-10" href="#__codelineno-7-10"></a>show(`5! = `, result); !! 输出: 120
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="_11">匿名函数<a class="headerlink" href="#_11" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>Oraset 支持匿名函数（也称为 lambda 函数）：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-8-1" name="__codelineno-8-1" href="#__codelineno-8-1"></a>!! 匿名函数
<a id="__codelineno-8-2" name="__codelineno-8-2" href="#__codelineno-8-2"></a>double = lambda x: x * 2;
<a id="__codelineno-8-3" name="__codelineno-8-3" href="#__codelineno-8-3"></a>show(`Double of 5: `, double(5)); !! 输出: 10
<a id="__codelineno-8-4" name="__codelineno-8-4" href="#__codelineno-8-4"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-8-5" name="__codelineno-8-5" href="#__codelineno-8-5"></a>add = lambda a, b: a + b;
<a id="__codelineno-8-6" name="__codelineno-8-6" href="#__codelineno-8-6"></a>show(`10 + 5 = `, add(10, 5)); !! 输出: 15
</code></pre></div>
<h2 id="_12">类<a class="headerlink" href="#_12" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<h3 id="_13">类定义<a class="headerlink" href="#_13" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>使用 <code>class</code> 关键字定义类：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-9-1" name="__codelineno-9-1" href="#__codelineno-9-1"></a>!! 类定义
<a id="__codelineno-9-2" name="__codelineno-9-2" href="#__codelineno-9-2"></a>class Person {
<a id="__codelineno-9-3" name="__codelineno-9-3" href="#__codelineno-9-3"></a> name = `Unknown`;
<a id="__codelineno-9-4" name="__codelineno-9-4" href="#__codelineno-9-4"></a> age = 0;
<a id="__codelineno-9-5" name="__codelineno-9-5" href="#__codelineno-9-5"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-9-6" name="__codelineno-9-6" href="#__codelineno-9-6"></a> def __init__(self, name, age) {
<a id="__codelineno-9-7" name="__codelineno-9-7" href="#__codelineno-9-7"></a> self.name = name;
<a id="__codelineno-9-8" name="__codelineno-9-8" href="#__codelineno-9-8"></a> self.age = age;
<a id="__codelineno-9-9" name="__codelineno-9-9" href="#__codelineno-9-9"></a> }
<a id="__codelineno-9-10" name="__codelineno-9-10" href="#__codelineno-9-10"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-9-11" name="__codelineno-9-11" href="#__codelineno-9-11"></a> def greet(self) {
<a id="__codelineno-9-12" name="__codelineno-9-12" href="#__codelineno-9-12"></a> show(`Hello, my name is `, self.name, ` and I am `, self.age, ` years old.`);
<a id="__codelineno-9-13" name="__codelineno-9-13" href="#__codelineno-9-13"></a> }
<a id="__codelineno-9-14" name="__codelineno-9-14" href="#__codelineno-9-14"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-9-15" name="__codelineno-9-15" href="#__codelineno-9-15"></a> def celebrate_birthday(self) {
<a id="__codelineno-9-16" name="__codelineno-9-16" href="#__codelineno-9-16"></a> self.age = self.age + 1;
<a id="__codelineno-9-17" name="__codelineno-9-17" href="#__codelineno-9-17"></a> show(`Happy birthday! I am now `, self.age, ` years old.`);
<a id="__codelineno-9-18" name="__codelineno-9-18" href="#__codelineno-9-18"></a> }
<a id="__codelineno-9-19" name="__codelineno-9-19" href="#__codelineno-9-19"></a>}
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="_14">类的实例化<a class="headerlink" href="#_14" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>创建类的实例：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-10-1" name="__codelineno-10-1" href="#__codelineno-10-1"></a>!! 类的实例化
<a id="__codelineno-10-2" name="__codelineno-10-2" href="#__codelineno-10-2"></a>person = Person(`John`, 30);
<a id="__codelineno-10-3" name="__codelineno-10-3" href="#__codelineno-10-3"></a>person.greet(); !! 输出: Hello, my name is John and I am 30 years old.
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="_15">类的方法<a class="headerlink" href="#_15" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>调用类的方法：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-11-1" name="__codelineno-11-1" href="#__codelineno-11-1"></a>!! 调用类的方法
<a id="__codelineno-11-2" name="__codelineno-11-2" href="#__codelineno-11-2"></a>person = Person(`John`, 30);
<a id="__codelineno-11-3" name="__codelineno-11-3" href="#__codelineno-11-3"></a>person.greet();
<a id="__codelineno-11-4" name="__codelineno-11-4" href="#__codelineno-11-4"></a>person.celebrate_birthday(); !! 输出: Happy birthday! I am now 31 years old.
<a id="__codelineno-11-5" name="__codelineno-11-5" href="#__codelineno-11-5"></a>person.greet(); !! 输出: Hello, my name is John and I am 31 years old.
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="_16">类的属性<a class="headerlink" href="#_16" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>访问和修改类的属性：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-12-1" name="__codelineno-12-1" href="#__codelineno-12-1"></a>!! 访问和修改类的属性
<a id="__codelineno-12-2" name="__codelineno-12-2" href="#__codelineno-12-2"></a>person = Person(`John`, 30);
<a id="__codelineno-12-3" name="__codelineno-12-3" href="#__codelineno-12-3"></a>show(`Name: `, person.name); !! 输出: John
<a id="__codelineno-12-4" name="__codelineno-12-4" href="#__codelineno-12-4"></a>show(`Age: `, person.age); !! 输出: 30
<a id="__codelineno-12-5" name="__codelineno-12-5" href="#__codelineno-12-5"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-12-6" name="__codelineno-12-6" href="#__codelineno-12-6"></a>person.name = `Jane`;
<a id="__codelineno-12-7" name="__codelineno-12-7" href="#__codelineno-12-7"></a>person.age = 25;
<a id="__codelineno-12-8" name="__codelineno-12-8" href="#__codelineno-12-8"></a>show(`Name: `, person.name); !! 输出: Jane
<a id="__codelineno-12-9" name="__codelineno-12-9" href="#__codelineno-12-9"></a>show(`Age: `, person.age); !! 输出: 25
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="_17">继承<a class="headerlink" href="#_17" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>类可以继承其他类的属性和方法：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-13-1" name="__codelineno-13-1" href="#__codelineno-13-1"></a>!! 继承
<a id="__codelineno-13-2" name="__codelineno-13-2" href="#__codelineno-13-2"></a>class Student(Person) {
<a id="__codelineno-13-3" name="__codelineno-13-3" href="#__codelineno-13-3"></a> student_id = ``;
<a id="__codelineno-13-4" name="__codelineno-13-4" href="#__codelineno-13-4"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-13-5" name="__codelineno-13-5" href="#__codelineno-13-5"></a> def __init__(self, name, age, student_id) {
<a id="__codelineno-13-6" name="__codelineno-13-6" href="#__codelineno-13-6"></a> super().__init__(name, age);
<a id="__codelineno-13-7" name="__codelineno-13-7" href="#__codelineno-13-7"></a> self.student_id = student_id;
<a id="__codelineno-13-8" name="__codelineno-13-8" href="#__codelineno-13-8"></a> }
<a id="__codelineno-13-9" name="__codelineno-13-9" href="#__codelineno-13-9"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-13-10" name="__codelineno-13-10" href="#__codelineno-13-10"></a> def study(self) {
<a id="__codelineno-13-11" name="__codelineno-13-11" href="#__codelineno-13-11"></a> show(`I am studying. My student ID is `, self.student_id);
<a id="__codelineno-13-12" name="__codelineno-13-12" href="#__codelineno-13-12"></a> }
<a id="__codelineno-13-13" name="__codelineno-13-13" href="#__codelineno-13-13"></a>}
<a id="__codelineno-13-14" name="__codelineno-13-14" href="#__codelineno-13-14"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-13-15" name="__codelineno-13-15" href="#__codelineno-13-15"></a>student = Student(`Alice`, 18, `S12345`);
<a id="__codelineno-13-16" name="__codelineno-13-16" href="#__codelineno-13-16"></a>student.greet(); !! 输出: Hello, my name is Alice and I am 18 years old.
<a id="__codelineno-13-17" name="__codelineno-13-17" href="#__codelineno-13-17"></a>student.study(); !! 输出: I am studying. My student ID is S12345
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="_18">静态方法<a class="headerlink" href="#_18" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>类可以有静态方法，不需要实例化就可以调用：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-14-1" name="__codelineno-14-1" href="#__codelineno-14-1"></a>!! 静态方法
<a id="__codelineno-14-2" name="__codelineno-14-2" href="#__codelineno-14-2"></a>class MathUtils {
<a id="__codelineno-14-3" name="__codelineno-14-3" href="#__codelineno-14-3"></a> @staticmethod
<a id="__codelineno-14-4" name="__codelineno-14-4" href="#__codelineno-14-4"></a> def add(a, b) {
<a id="__codelineno-14-5" name="__codelineno-14-5" href="#__codelineno-14-5"></a> return a + b;
<a id="__codelineno-14-6" name="__codelineno-14-6" href="#__codelineno-14-6"></a> }
<a id="__codelineno-14-7" name="__codelineno-14-7" href="#__codelineno-14-7"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-14-8" name="__codelineno-14-8" href="#__codelineno-14-8"></a> @staticmethod
<a id="__codelineno-14-9" name="__codelineno-14-9" href="#__codelineno-14-9"></a> def multiply(a, b) {
<a id="__codelineno-14-10" name="__codelineno-14-10" href="#__codelineno-14-10"></a> return a * b;
<a id="__codelineno-14-11" name="__codelineno-14-11" href="#__codelineno-14-11"></a> }
<a id="__codelineno-14-12" name="__codelineno-14-12" href="#__codelineno-14-12"></a>}
<a id="__codelineno-14-13" name="__codelineno-14-13" href="#__codelineno-14-13"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-14-14" name="__codelineno-14-14" href="#__codelineno-14-14"></a>result1 = MathUtils.add(10, 5);
<a id="__codelineno-14-15" name="__codelineno-14-15" href="#__codelineno-14-15"></a>result2 = MathUtils.multiply(10, 5);
<a id="__codelineno-14-16" name="__codelineno-14-16" href="#__codelineno-14-16"></a>show(`10 + 5 = `, result1); !! 输出: 15
<a id="__codelineno-14-17" name="__codelineno-14-17" href="#__codelineno-14-17"></a>show(`10 * 5 = `, result2); !! 输出: 50
</code></pre></div>
<h2 id="_19">综合示例<a class="headerlink" href="#_19" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<h3 id="_20">计算器类<a class="headerlink" href="#_20" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-15-1" name="__codelineno-15-1" href="#__codelineno-15-1"></a>!! 计算器类
<a id="__codelineno-15-2" name="__codelineno-15-2" href="#__codelineno-15-2"></a>class Calculator {
<a id="__codelineno-15-3" name="__codelineno-15-3" href="#__codelineno-15-3"></a> def add(self, a, b) {
<a id="__codelineno-15-4" name="__codelineno-15-4" href="#__codelineno-15-4"></a> return a + b;
<a id="__codelineno-15-5" name="__codelineno-15-5" href="#__codelineno-15-5"></a> }
<a id="__codelineno-15-6" name="__codelineno-15-6" href="#__codelineno-15-6"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-15-7" name="__codelineno-15-7" href="#__codelineno-15-7"></a> def subtract(self, a, b) {
<a id="__codelineno-15-8" name="__codelineno-15-8" href="#__codelineno-15-8"></a> return a - b;
<a id="__codelineno-15-9" name="__codelineno-15-9" href="#__codelineno-15-9"></a> }
<a id="__codelineno-15-10" name="__codelineno-15-10" href="#__codelineno-15-10"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-15-11" name="__codelineno-15-11" href="#__codelineno-15-11"></a> def multiply(self, a, b) {
<a id="__codelineno-15-12" name="__codelineno-15-12" href="#__codelineno-15-12"></a> return a * b;
<a id="__codelineno-15-13" name="__codelineno-15-13" href="#__codelineno-15-13"></a> }
<a id="__codelineno-15-14" name="__codelineno-15-14" href="#__codelineno-15-14"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-15-15" name="__codelineno-15-15" href="#__codelineno-15-15"></a> def divide(self, a, b) {
<a id="__codelineno-15-16" name="__codelineno-15-16" href="#__codelineno-15-16"></a> if (b == 0) {
<a id="__codelineno-15-17" name="__codelineno-15-17" href="#__codelineno-15-17"></a> show(`Error: Division by zero`);
<a id="__codelineno-15-18" name="__codelineno-15-18" href="#__codelineno-15-18"></a> return null;
<a id="__codelineno-15-19" name="__codelineno-15-19" href="#__codelineno-15-19"></a> }
<a id="__codelineno-15-20" name="__codelineno-15-20" href="#__codelineno-15-20"></a> return a / b;
<a id="__codelineno-15-21" name="__codelineno-15-21" href="#__codelineno-15-21"></a> }
<a id="__codelineno-15-22" name="__codelineno-15-22" href="#__codelineno-15-22"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-15-23" name="__codelineno-15-23" href="#__codelineno-15-23"></a> def power(self, a, b) {
<a id="__codelineno-15-24" name="__codelineno-15-24" href="#__codelineno-15-24"></a> result = 1;
<a id="__codelineno-15-25" name="__codelineno-15-25" href="#__codelineno-15-25"></a> i = 0;
<a id="__codelineno-15-26" name="__codelineno-15-26" href="#__codelineno-15-26"></a> while (i &lt; b) {
<a id="__codelineno-15-27" name="__codelineno-15-27" href="#__codelineno-15-27"></a> result = result * a;
<a id="__codelineno-15-28" name="__codelineno-15-28" href="#__codelineno-15-28"></a> i = i + 1;
<a id="__codelineno-15-29" name="__codelineno-15-29" href="#__codelineno-15-29"></a> }
<a id="__codelineno-15-30" name="__codelineno-15-30" href="#__codelineno-15-30"></a> return result;
<a id="__codelineno-15-31" name="__codelineno-15-31" href="#__codelineno-15-31"></a> }
<a id="__codelineno-15-32" name="__codelineno-15-32" href="#__codelineno-15-32"></a>}
<a id="__codelineno-15-33" name="__codelineno-15-33" href="#__codelineno-15-33"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-15-34" name="__codelineno-15-34" href="#__codelineno-15-34"></a>!! 使用计算器
<a id="__codelineno-15-35" name="__codelineno-15-35" href="#__codelineno-15-35"></a>calc = Calculator();
<a id="__codelineno-15-36" name="__codelineno-15-36" href="#__codelineno-15-36"></a>show(`2 + 3 = `, calc.add(2, 3));
<a id="__codelineno-15-37" name="__codelineno-15-37" href="#__codelineno-15-37"></a>show(`5 - 2 = `, calc.subtract(5, 2));
<a id="__codelineno-15-38" name="__codelineno-15-38" href="#__codelineno-15-38"></a>show(`4 * 6 = `, calc.multiply(4, 6));
<a id="__codelineno-15-39" name="__codelineno-15-39" href="#__codelineno-15-39"></a>show(`10 / 2 = `, calc.divide(10, 2));
<a id="__codelineno-15-40" name="__codelineno-15-40" href="#__codelineno-15-40"></a>show(`2 ^ 3 = `, calc.power(2, 3));
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="_21">图书管理系统<a class="headerlink" href="#_21" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-16-1" name="__codelineno-16-1" href="#__codelineno-16-1"></a>!! 图书管理系统
<a id="__codelineno-16-2" name="__codelineno-16-2" href="#__codelineno-16-2"></a>class Book {
<a id="__codelineno-16-3" name="__codelineno-16-3" href="#__codelineno-16-3"></a> title = ``;
<a id="__codelineno-16-4" name="__codelineno-16-4" href="#__codelineno-16-4"></a> author = ``;
<a id="__codelineno-16-5" name="__codelineno-16-5" href="#__codelineno-16-5"></a> isbn = ``;
<a id="__codelineno-16-6" name="__codelineno-16-6" href="#__codelineno-16-6"></a> available = true;
<a id="__codelineno-16-7" name="__codelineno-16-7" href="#__codelineno-16-7"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-16-8" name="__codelineno-16-8" href="#__codelineno-16-8"></a> def __init__(self, title, author, isbn) {
<a id="__codelineno-16-9" name="__codelineno-16-9" href="#__codelineno-16-9"></a> self.title = title;
<a id="__codelineno-16-10" name="__codelineno-16-10" href="#__codelineno-16-10"></a> self.author = author;
<a id="__codelineno-16-11" name="__codelineno-16-11" href="#__codelineno-16-11"></a> self.isbn = isbn;
<a id="__codelineno-16-12" name="__codelineno-16-12" href="#__codelineno-16-12"></a> }
<a id="__codelineno-16-13" name="__codelineno-16-13" href="#__codelineno-16-13"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-16-14" name="__codelineno-16-14" href="#__codelineno-16-14"></a> def borrow(self) {
<a id="__codelineno-16-15" name="__codelineno-16-15" href="#__codelineno-16-15"></a> if (self.available) {
<a id="__codelineno-16-16" name="__codelineno-16-16" href="#__codelineno-16-16"></a> self.available = false;
<a id="__codelineno-16-17" name="__codelineno-16-17" href="#__codelineno-16-17"></a> return true;
<a id="__codelineno-16-18" name="__codelineno-16-18" href="#__codelineno-16-18"></a> }
<a id="__codelineno-16-19" name="__codelineno-16-19" href="#__codelineno-16-19"></a> return false;
<a id="__codelineno-16-20" name="__codelineno-16-20" href="#__codelineno-16-20"></a> }
<a id="__codelineno-16-21" name="__codelineno-16-21" href="#__codelineno-16-21"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-16-22" name="__codelineno-16-22" href="#__codelineno-16-22"></a> def return_book(self) {
<a id="__codelineno-16-23" name="__codelineno-16-23" href="#__codelineno-16-23"></a> self.available = true;
<a id="__codelineno-16-24" name="__codelineno-16-24" href="#__codelineno-16-24"></a> }
<a id="__codelineno-16-25" name="__codelineno-16-25" href="#__codelineno-16-25"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-16-26" name="__codelineno-16-26" href="#__codelineno-16-26"></a> def get_info(self) {
<a id="__codelineno-16-27" name="__codelineno-16-27" href="#__codelineno-16-27"></a> status = self.available ? `Available` : `Borrowed`;
<a id="__codelineno-16-28" name="__codelineno-16-28" href="#__codelineno-16-28"></a> return `Title: ` + self.title + `, Author: ` + self.author + `, ISBN: ` + self.isbn + `, Status: ` + status;
<a id="__codelineno-16-29" name="__codelineno-16-29" href="#__codelineno-16-29"></a> }
<a id="__codelineno-16-30" name="__codelineno-16-30" href="#__codelineno-16-30"></a>}
<a id="__codelineno-16-31" name="__codelineno-16-31" href="#__codelineno-16-31"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-16-32" name="__codelineno-16-32" href="#__codelineno-16-32"></a>class Library {
<a id="__codelineno-16-33" name="__codelineno-16-33" href="#__codelineno-16-33"></a> books = arr();
<a id="__codelineno-16-34" name="__codelineno-16-34" href="#__codelineno-16-34"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-16-35" name="__codelineno-16-35" href="#__codelineno-16-35"></a> def add_book(self, book) {
<a id="__codelineno-16-36" name="__codelineno-16-36" href="#__codelineno-16-36"></a> self.books = array.push(self.books, book);
<a id="__codelineno-16-37" name="__codelineno-16-37" href="#__codelineno-16-37"></a> }
<a id="__codelineno-16-38" name="__codelineno-16-38" href="#__codelineno-16-38"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-16-39" name="__codelineno-16-39" href="#__codelineno-16-39"></a> def find_book_by_title(self, title) {
<a id="__codelineno-16-40" name="__codelineno-16-40" href="#__codelineno-16-40"></a> i = 0;
<a id="__codelineno-16-41" name="__codelineno-16-41" href="#__codelineno-16-41"></a> while (i &lt; array.length(self.books)) {
<a id="__codelineno-16-42" name="__codelineno-16-42" href="#__codelineno-16-42"></a> book = self.books[i];
<a id="__codelineno-16-43" name="__codelineno-16-43" href="#__codelineno-16-43"></a> if (book.title == title) {
<a id="__codelineno-16-44" name="__codelineno-16-44" href="#__codelineno-16-44"></a> return book;
<a id="__codelineno-16-45" name="__codelineno-16-45" href="#__codelineno-16-45"></a> }
<a id="__codelineno-16-46" name="__codelineno-16-46" href="#__codelineno-16-46"></a> i = i + 1;
<a id="__codelineno-16-47" name="__codelineno-16-47" href="#__codelineno-16-47"></a> }
<a id="__codelineno-16-48" name="__codelineno-16-48" href="#__codelineno-16-48"></a> return null;
<a id="__codelineno-16-49" name="__codelineno-16-49" href="#__codelineno-16-49"></a> }
<a id="__codelineno-16-50" name="__codelineno-16-50" href="#__codelineno-16-50"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-16-51" name="__codelineno-16-51" href="#__codelineno-16-51"></a> def list_books(self) {
<a id="__codelineno-16-52" name="__codelineno-16-52" href="#__codelineno-16-52"></a> i = 0;
<a id="__codelineno-16-53" name="__codelineno-16-53" href="#__codelineno-16-53"></a> while (i &lt; array.length(self.books)) {
<a id="__codelineno-16-54" name="__codelineno-16-54" href="#__codelineno-16-54"></a> book = self.books[i];
<a id="__codelineno-16-55" name="__codelineno-16-55" href="#__codelineno-16-55"></a> show(book.get_info());
<a id="__codelineno-16-56" name="__codelineno-16-56" href="#__codelineno-16-56"></a> i = i + 1;
<a id="__codelineno-16-57" name="__codelineno-16-57" href="#__codelineno-16-57"></a> }
<a id="__codelineno-16-58" name="__codelineno-16-58" href="#__codelineno-16-58"></a> }
<a id="__codelineno-16-59" name="__codelineno-16-59" href="#__codelineno-16-59"></a>}
<a id="__codelineno-16-60" name="__codelineno-16-60" href="#__codelineno-16-60"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-16-61" name="__codelineno-16-61" href="#__codelineno-16-61"></a>!! 使用图书管理系统
<a id="__codelineno-16-62" name="__codelineno-16-62" href="#__codelineno-16-62"></a>library = Library();
<a id="__codelineno-16-63" name="__codelineno-16-63" href="#__codelineno-16-63"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-16-64" name="__codelineno-16-64" href="#__codelineno-16-64"></a>!! 添加图书
<a id="__codelineno-16-65" name="__codelineno-16-65" href="#__codelineno-16-65"></a>library.add_book(Book(`The Great Gatsby`, `F. Scott Fitzgerald`, `978-0743273565`));
<a id="__codelineno-16-66" name="__codelineno-16-66" href="#__codelineno-16-66"></a>library.add_book(Book(`To Kill a Mockingbird`, `Harper Lee`, `978-0061120084`));
<a id="__codelineno-16-67" name="__codelineno-16-67" href="#__codelineno-16-67"></a>library.add_book(Book(`1984`, `George Orwell`, `978-0451524935`));
<a id="__codelineno-16-68" name="__codelineno-16-68" href="#__codelineno-16-68"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-16-69" name="__codelineno-16-69" href="#__codelineno-16-69"></a>!! 列出所有图书
<a id="__codelineno-16-70" name="__codelineno-16-70" href="#__codelineno-16-70"></a>show(`All books:`);
<a id="__codelineno-16-71" name="__codelineno-16-71" href="#__codelineno-16-71"></a>library.list_books();
<a id="__codelineno-16-72" name="__codelineno-16-72" href="#__codelineno-16-72"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-16-73" name="__codelineno-16-73" href="#__codelineno-16-73"></a>!! 借阅图书
<a id="__codelineno-16-74" name="__codelineno-16-74" href="#__codelineno-16-74"></a>book = library.find_book_by_title(`1984`);
<a id="__codelineno-16-75" name="__codelineno-16-75" href="#__codelineno-16-75"></a>if (book) {
<a id="__codelineno-16-76" name="__codelineno-16-76" href="#__codelineno-16-76"></a> if (book.borrow()) {
<a id="__codelineno-16-77" name="__codelineno-16-77" href="#__codelineno-16-77"></a> show(`Successfully borrowed: `, book.title);
<a id="__codelineno-16-78" name="__codelineno-16-78" href="#__codelineno-16-78"></a> } else {
<a id="__codelineno-16-79" name="__codelineno-16-79" href="#__codelineno-16-79"></a> show(`Book not available: `, book.title);
<a id="__codelineno-16-80" name="__codelineno-16-80" href="#__codelineno-16-80"></a> }
<a id="__codelineno-16-81" name="__codelineno-16-81" href="#__codelineno-16-81"></a>}
<a id="__codelineno-16-82" name="__codelineno-16-82" href="#__codelineno-16-82"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-16-83" name="__codelineno-16-83" href="#__codelineno-16-83"></a>!! 再次列出图书
<a id="__codelineno-16-84" name="__codelineno-16-84" href="#__codelineno-16-84"></a>show(`\nBooks after borrowing:`);
<a id="__codelineno-16-85" name="__codelineno-16-85" href="#__codelineno-16-85"></a>library.list_books();
</code></pre></div>
<h2 id="_22">注意事项<a class="headerlink" href="#_22" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<ol>
<li><strong>函数命名</strong>：函数名应该使用小写字母，多个单词之间使用下划线</li>
<li><strong>类命名</strong>：类名应该使用驼峰命名法（首字母大写）</li>
<li><strong>方法命名</strong>：方法名应该使用小写字母，多个单词之间使用下划线</li>
<li><strong>参数传递</strong>：参数按值传递，对于数组等复杂类型，传递的是引用</li>
<li><strong>self 参数</strong>：类的方法第一个参数必须是 <code>self</code>，表示实例本身</li>
<li><strong>super()</strong>：在继承中，使用 <code>super()</code> 调用父类的方法</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="_23">练习<a class="headerlink" href="#_23" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<ol>
<li>编写一个函数，计算两个数的最大公约数</li>
<li>编写一个函数，判断一个字符串是否为回文</li>
<li>编写一个类，表示一个银行账户，包含存款、取款和查询余额的方法</li>
<li>编写一个类，表示一个矩形，包含计算面积和周长的方法</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="_24">小结<a class="headerlink" href="#_24" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>本教程介绍了 Oraset 编程语言的函数和类，包括：</p>
<ul>
<li>函数定义和调用</li>
<li>函数参数和返回值</li>
<li>递归函数和匿名函数</li>
<li>类的定义和实例化</li>
<li>类的方法和属性</li>
<li>继承和静态方法</li>
<li>综合示例：计算器类和图书管理系统</li>
</ul>
<p>掌握这些概念后，你可以编写更模块化、更可维护的 Oraset 程序。</p>
</article>
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